SS31
🔍 Description:
SS31, also known as Elamipretide or Bendavia, is a mitochondria-targeted peptide designed to protect and repair mitochondrial damage. It is effective in various applications related to mitochondrial health and cellular protection.
💡 What is it?
SS31 is a peptide that targets mitochondria to enhance their function and protect them from damage. It inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS), restores redox homeostasis, and supports overall cellular health. It is used primarily in research and experimental therapies focusing on mitochondrial function and related conditions.
🎯 Do you need it?
SS31 may be beneficial if you aim to improve mitochondrial function, protect against oxidative stress, or address conditions related to mitochondrial dysfunction. It has potential applications in preventing perioperative neurocognitive disorder, treating cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction, and possibly aiding in heart failure.
📝 How to use it:
– Dosage: Administered via subcutaneous injection. Dosage recommendations may vary based on specific research protocols or clinical trials.Typical dosages in therapeutic contexts might range from 1 mg to 5 mg per day.
– Frequency: Generally administered daily or several times a week. Typically used in cycles, with frequency tailored to research or therapeutic goals.
– Administration: Follow guidelines from research studies or clinical trials for optimal results.
⚠️ Reasons not to use:
– Limited Long-Term Data: Comprehensive long-term safety and efficacy data are still pending.
– Potential Side Effects: Possible side effects include local injection site reactions and interactions with other treatments.
– Experimental Status: Primarily used in research settings; not widely approved for clinical use outside of studies.
📊 Expected outcomes:
– Mitochondrial Protection and Healing: SS31 is effective in protecting against mitochondrial damage and may prevent perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) [2].
– Inhibition of ROS: Helps reduce oxidative stress by inhibiting ROS, which can prevent cell death and inflammation [2].
– Restoration of Redox Homeostasis: Improves cellular redox balance, enhancing muscle function and exercise capacity [3].
– Reversal of Mitochondrial Fragmentation: Demonstrated ability to reverse mitochondrial fragmentation in certain genetic conditions [4].
– Cardiac Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Shows promise in treating cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction, with positive results in trials for Barth syndrome [5].
– Heart Failure Treatment: Undergoing clinical trials for potential heart failure treatment [6].
🤝 Stacking with other peptides:
– Mitochondrial Support: Can be combined with other mitochondrial-targeted peptides or supplements for enhanced effects.
– Synergistic Benefits: May stack with peptides like BPC-157 for overall cellular repair or with other cardiovascular peptides for comprehensive heart health support.
Citations:
[1] [NCBI Article on SS31](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9192202/)
[2] [Evolve Telemed Article](https://evolvetelemed.com/energy-performance/ss-31-peptide-uses-side-effects-dosage-treatme)
[3] [Yunique Medical Article](https://yuniquemedical.com/elamipretide-benefits/)
[4] [Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2019.00167)
[5] [Nature Scientific Reports](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-24231-4)
[6] [PNAS Study](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2002250117)
Claude Summary:
This study investigates the effects of elamipretide, a novel mitochondria-targeted drug, on mitochondrial function in failing human hearts. Key findings include:
1. Mitochondrial function is impaired in failing human hearts compared to non-failing hearts.
2. Elamipretide treatment improves mitochondrial oxygen flux, complex I and IV activities, and supercomplex-associated complex IV activity in failing heart tissue.
3. The drug’s effects are specific to failing hearts; it does not alter mitochondrial function in non-failing heart tissue.
4. Elamipretide’s mechanism of action appears to work through improving the coupling of the mitochondrial supercomplex (complexes I, III, and IV).
5. The drug’s acute effects are independent of changes in cardiolipin composition, suggesting it may act by stabilizing cardiolipin-protein interactions.
6. Improvements in mitochondrial function were observed across different heart failure etiologies and patient ages, including both pediatric and adult samples.
7. This is the first study to show rapid improvement in mitochondrial function in human heart tissue with elamipretide treatment.
The researchers conclude that these findings support the use of mitochondrial-targeted therapies like elamipretide as a promising new strategy for treating heart failure by improving cardiac energetics and mitochondrial function.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/epdf/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004389
Study: Elamipretide for Heart Failure Treatment
Design:
– Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
– 36 patients with HFrEF (EF ≤35%)
– Randomized 2:1 to elamipretide or placebo
– Three ascending-dose cohorts:
1. Low dose: 0.005 mg·kg−1·h−1 (n=8)
2. Intermediate dose: 0.05 mg·kg−1·h−1 (n=8)
3. High dose: 0.25 mg·kg−1·h−1 (n=8)
– Placebo group: n=12
– Treatment: Single 4-hour intravenous infusion
Key Findings:
1. Safety:
– Well-tolerated at all doses
– No serious adverse events
2. Efficacy (High-dose group):
– LVEDV reduction: -18 mL (p=0.009)
– LVESV reduction: -14 mL (p=0.005)
– Changes correlated with peak plasma concentrations
– No significant changes in EF or cardiac biomarkers
3. Pharmacokinetics:
– Dose-proportional exposure
– Peak concentrations at end of infusion (4 hours)
– Undetectable by 24 hours post-infusion
4. Mechanism:
– Targets mitochondrial dysfunction and energy depletion
Implications:
– Promising approach for treating heart failure
– Supports further investigation of elamipretide for HFrEF
Limitations:
– Small sample size
– Single-site study
– Short treatment duration
Future Directions:
– Evaluate long-term safety and efficacy
– Assess clinical outcomes
– Investigate effects on skeletal muscle function and exercise tolerance
Conclusion:
Elamipretide shows promise as a novel therapeutic agent for heart failure, warranting further investigation for long-term safety, efficacy, and clinical outcomes.
https://www.genemedics.com/elampretide-ss-31
Elamipretide (SS-31) Summary
– What is Elamipretide?
Elamipretide, also known as SS-31, is a synthetic tetrapeptide that targets mitochondria, reducing reactive oxygen species and improving cellular functions. It is primarily used for its anti-aging properties and to treat age-related diseases, cardiovascular issues, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
– Potential Benefits of Elamipretide:
– Improves cardiovascular health
– Boosts brain function and memory
– Protects against cancer
– Prevents kidney injury
– Treats lung injury
– Research Findings:
– Cardiovascular Health: Studies show that SS-31 improves mitochondrial function in heart cells and protects against heart failure, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
– Brain Power: SS-31 enhances memory, motor skill learning, and reduces cognitive deficits related to aging and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
– Cancer Prevention: SS-31 protects mitochondria from dysfunction, which can lower cancer risk.
– Kidney Health: It has been shown to prevent kidney damage in conditions like diabetic kidney disease and chronic kidney disease.
– Lung Injury: SS-31 has been found to treat lung injuries by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.
– Dosing:
Dosing protocols for SS-31 are typically administered subcutaneously. Studies in both humans and animals commonly use doses ranging from 0.05 mg/kg per hour via IV infusion to subcutaneous injections (e.g., 5 days per week for 4 weeks in some studies). However, exact dosing should be personalized based on specific conditions and professional guidance.
– Side Effects:
Side effects are uncommon but may include:
– Abdominal pain
– Dizziness
– Flatulence
– Headache
– Conclusion:
SS-31 (Elamipretide) has shown promising results in improving mitochondrial function, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing heart, brain, and kidney health. It is still under research for broader medical applications but offers therapeutic potential for age-related and mitochondrial diseases.
Study Title: Effect of Elamipretide on Left Ventricular Function in Subjects With Stable Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction
Intervention:
– 4 mg elamipretide: subcutaneous injection once daily for 28 days
– 40 mg elamipretide: subcutaneous injection once daily for 28 days
– Placebo: subcutaneous injection once daily for 28 days
Key Details:
– Randomized, triple-blind study
– 71 participants enrolled
– Primary outcome: Change in left ventricular end systolic volume from baseline to Week 4
– Multiple secondary outcomes measuring various cardiac parameters
Results:
– No statistically significant differences reported between groups for primary or secondary outcomes
– Both elamipretide doses were generally well-tolerated
– Most common adverse events: nasopharyngitis, fatigue, dizziness
Conclusions:
The study did not demonstrate significant improvements in cardiac function with elamipretide treatment compared to placebo in patients with stable heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02788747?intr=elamipretide&page=2&rank=13&tab=results
Study Title: Effect of Elamipretide on Left Ventricular Function in Subjects With Stable Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction
Intervention:
– 4 mg elamipretide: subcutaneous injection once daily for 28 days
– 40 mg elamipretide: subcutaneous injection once daily for 28 days
– Placebo: subcutaneous injection once daily for 28 days
Key Details:
– Randomized, triple-blind study
– 71 participants enrolled
– Primary outcome: Change in left ventricular end systolic volume from baseline to Week 4
– Multiple secondary outcomes measuring various cardiac parameters
Results:
– No statistically significant differences reported between groups for primary or secondary outcomes
– Both elamipretide doses were generally well-tolerated
– Most common adverse events: nasopharyngitis, fatigue, dizziness
Conclusions:
The study did not demonstrate significant improvements in cardiac function with elamipretide treatment compared to placebo in patients with stable heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02788747?intr=elamipretide&page=2&rank=13&tab=results
Introduction to SS-31:
SS-31, also known as elamipretide, is a mitochondria-targeting peptide that has shown promising therapeutic effects in various conditions. It accumulates primarily in the inner mitochondrial membrane, protecting and restoring mitochondrial structure, promoting ATP synthesis, and reducing electron leakage and cardiolipin peroxidation. SS-31 has exhibited protective effects against diseases such as cardiac, neurological, respiratory, retinal, kidney, and aging-related diseases, as well as sepsis and diabetes.
How SS-31 Works
SS-31 exerts its effects by binding to cardiolipin, promoting electron transfer, inhibiting cytochrome C peroxidase activity, and reducing electron leakage. It accumulates on the inner mitochondrial membrane, protecting and restoring mitochondrial structure, promoting ATP synthesis, and reducing electron leakage and cardiolipin peroxidation.
Benefits of SS-31
SS-31 has demonstrated beneficial effects in various conditions, including kidney disease, cancer- and chemotherapy-induced cachexia, neuroinflammation, and hind limb ischemia. It has been shown to improve mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic and memory impairment, and to ameliorate oxidative stress via the restoration of autophagic flux. Additionally, SS-31 has been reported to improve functional connectivity in the hippocampus and other related regions following prolonged neuroinflammation in aged rats.
Dosing Protocols
The recommended dosing protocols for SS-31 vary depending on the condition being treated.
– Protocol #1: 0.01 mg/kg/h – 0.25 mg/kg/h over 4 hours via intravenous infusion
– Protocol #2: 4 or 40 mg injected subcutaneously once a day
In a study targeting muscle mitochondria, SS-31 was administered at 2 mg/kg from day 7 to 13, at 5 mg/mL from day 14 to 20, and at 10 mg/mL from day 21 to 27 of tumor growth.
In a study on Alzheimer’s disease, SS-31 was administered at 5 mg/kg body weight twice a week for 6 weeks.
In a study on kidney disease, SS-31 was administered as a single infusion without developing adverse effects.
In a study on cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury, SS31 was administered for 10 days at a dosage of 10 mg/kg per day.
It’s important to note that dosing protocols may vary based on the specific condition being treated, and it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional for personalized dosing recommendations.
Side Effects
The most commonly reported side effects include itching and mild redness at the site of injection, headache, and dizziness.
Relevant Journal Articles
– SS-31, a Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide, Ameliorates Kidney Disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9192202/
– Targeting Mitochondria by SS-31 Ameliorates the Whole Body Energy Status in Cancer- and Chemotherapy-Induced Cachexia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7923037/
– Elamipretide (SS-31) improves mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic and memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice
https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12974-019-1627-9